Summary of answer. Two: according to the Hanafi School, Maliki School, and one narration from the Hanbali School, queefing. 305 v. It's a mixture of the air you've swallowed and byproducts of food you digest. It does not feel like fart and this keeps reoccurring. It makes no difference whether the fart is a silent fart or not. Therefore, even if you made skin contact with the urine or feces while changing diapers, it would still not break your wudū. 3 times contradicts itself in the hadith as well. The evidence showing that deep sleep and a long sleep invalidate wudu is the following hadith of the Prophet (pbuh) narrated by Hz. Whoever holds his penis, let him perform wudu. A list of that which nullifies wudu follows. Changing clothes after you have performed wudu does not invalidate the ablution, therefore you are not required to repeat it again. Related posts: Does Vomiting Break Wudu? Does a Fanny Fart Break Wudu? This Is the Answer. Sorted by: 4. Whether this discharge is pure or impure and whether it nullifies Wudu` or not, there are the following details: 1-If it comes out of the external part of the vagina, then it is pure (Tahir) and doesn`t nullify Wudu`. The release of gas from other parts of the body, such as the mouth, does not break Wudu. The hadith was. The gas problem may be due to either medical or diet and food habit. Created: 2022-03-03 02:35:11. It is therefore not easy to tell whether blood actually flowed out from the gums or was. You may also. There are two views: That it does invalidate wudu. رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَالطَّبْرَانِيُّ وَزَادَ : وَ مَنْ نَامَ فَلْيَتَوَضَّأْ. The sign of this is that the exiting is usually accompanied by pain. So, if someone believes. If I am not sure weather I farted or not can I say my prayer? If I see any video of naked people on whatapp (so many people send picture / videos), would my wudhu break? If I talk abusive language, would my wudhu break? A: Yes. Favorite Subjects: Electronics & AI & & Mechatronics engineering & video Games. This is a basic thing that must be understood by all Muslims, including you. Flatulance is quite literally waste gas. Fanny farts. I desire you to comprehend all that initially previously you learn more explanations in this short post since those are a few of the fundamental points in this conversation. Impure substances such as blood or pus flow from their point of exit and encroach on a place which it is incumbent to purify. Wudu is invalidated only when: 1. Need One to One live Counseling with Sheikh Assim?:you have a question:Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah, No, chronic vaginal discharge [which is clear or white] does not invalidate your ritual ablution (wudu) because it is legally akin to a form of sweating of the vagina walls. Basis of Wudu Quran. So, when you break the wudu after holding it, you break it with a big fart. When faith first left me, this was such a relief. If not, then the original ruling remains and the person is still in a pure. Therefore, if you pass a minor fart, you do not need to perform wudu again before praying. views : 30645. Muslims should understand every One: if you choose the opinion that vaginal fart does not break wudu, so, there is no problem for you because even if you have doubts about the movement in the private parts, it does not break wudu. Related posts: Does Fart Without Smell Break Wudu? This Is the Answer. Quote. for a sajdah and tashahhud that have been forgotten if between them and the prayer one has done something that invalidates wuḍūʾ; for example, he has urinated. This is one of differences between Ghusl and Wudhu. Whatever your factor for reviewing this short post, I am really certain you’re seeking an description regarding vaginal fart as well as its result on wudu: does vaginal fart break wudu or not? Believe me! I will certainly not dissatisfy you on now. As far as I know, from reading and speaking with others about what does or does not break wudu, passing gas breaks ones wudu. heartburn. Use your right hand to cup water into your mouth three times. But I would still get it checked out first before following anything. I pray that you are in the best of health and faith, insha’Allah. But I would still get it checked out first before following anything. Does the wet fart make my pant impure ? 2. However, the general consensus among scholars is that farting does invalidate the wudu. Q: What are the common causes for the breaking of wudhu. So, when you break the wudu after holding it, you break it with a big fart. if you are unsure you’ve passed wind, you don’t need to make wudu again, unless you hear or smell something to indicate you have passed wind. What is well-known is that the scholars say that everything that is discharged from the front and back passages is naajis (impure) except for one thing, semen, which is taahir (pure); apart from that everything else that has substance is naajis and breaks one’s wudoo’. The hadith was. A build up of intestinal gas can trigger abdominal distension, with some gas reabsorbed into the circulation and exhaled in your breath. If you want to pray later or do something else, you will have to take wudu again. And Sometimes I see this kind of dirt (not stole) in the area near private part after farting. It is irregular outside of wudu and salaah, but mostly during those times I have been experiencing bubbles/fart leaks that are uncontrollable and odourless and noiseless. If the worshipper hears a sound inside his stomach but nothing comes out of him that would break his wudoo’, and he does not note anything that would indicate that, such as hearing a. The important thing about “does internal fart break wudu?” what I’m going to explain now is a specific answer. Flatulence. Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch without a barrier. The initially essential point regarding "why does farting damage wudu?" what I will discuss currently is points that damage wudu. Queefs. Imam al-Shafi`i was of the view that vomiting does not invalidate wudu, and this is the correct view, because there is no sound evidence to show that vomiting invalidates wudu. Even though a minority opinion states that non-flowing blood (or pus) that contacts a liquid makes the liquid impure – this cautious opinion is not taken by one who suffers from misgivings (waswasa) as a principle. Wudu is often translated as 'partial ablution', as opposed to ghusl as 'full ablution' where the whole body is washed. Our Wudu: Wudu in Islam, What Break Wudu, Steps of Wudu, Wudu with, Wudu for, How to Do WuduNon-Flowing Pus is Pure. Assalamu Alaikum and Praise be to Allah, What you are experiencing is waaswas from Shaytaan trying to distract you in prayer. If it happens during salah, you need to break off the salah and go and repeat your wudu. It is a sunnah to perform istinja to remove filth which is less than approximately 5cm in diameter. Pages: 1 2. On the exiting of wind, no such filth exits, therefore, one would not perform istinja. If the situation you describe, the occasional emission of a few drops of urine, is beyond your control, then your case. Does a Fanny Fart Break Wudu? This Is the Answer October 3, 2023 by Almuslimun Wudu in Islam. If u fart or use bathroom ur wudu breaks u have to redo it, there is more to it but this is the basic. Burping does not break wudu as it's not waste, it's just air you've swallowed escaping back from. Furthermore, such wind is not filthy, according to the soundest opinion in the school, and doing istinja. Things that break wudu are an important topic of conversation in Islamic lawful literacy. This includes passing gas, urine, feces, semen, and vaginal discharge. Feeling bubbles of air does not break wudu. What Kind of Fart Breaks Wudu? Read This! 2021-08-02 2022-11-24 40. ” Do you have actually any kind of. Make sure to wash in between your fingers and all the way up to your wrists. In responding to your question, Sheikh Ahmad Kutty, a senior lecturer and. (Al-Fatawa Al-Hindiyyah page 12 volume 1 publisher : Darul-Kutubul-Alamiya) So,. There are times where I have to make wudhu like 4-5 times. Two: loss of mind due to sleep, madness, and so on. The basis is that you have wudu, and certainty is not lifted by subsequent doubts. In general, farting is one of the things that break wudu. Access course materials, Test your knowledge & Get certified for FREE at. Regarding the gas there is a hadith that tells us not to break our prayer unless we hear or smell it. Thus, in this issue it is important that one is certain that one has farted or passed gas, hence invalidating ablution and prayer. If you are. Q: What are the common causes for the breaking of wudhu. So, if you ask me, “does a small fart break wudu?”, the answer is “Yes, small farts spoil wudu. Mohammed Tosir Miah. Meaning of fanny fart. stackexchange. The fourth important point about “does vaginal fart break wudu?” what I’m going to explain now is “not sure there was movement from private parts: does it break wudu?”. Accordingly, the wudu of a lady who passes wind through her front private, will be invalid. I know that my wudu. (Having an epileptic fit or insanity invalidates wudu' . ” (Al-Maidah: 6). Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “So. This is a principle in fiqh. Can Farting Break Wudu? The short answer is yes, passing gas does break wudu. Go to the bathroom before you do wudu to avoid holding back. This discharge is pure and can be likened to perspiration. Certainty Is not Removed by Doubts. You want to know whether it can break the wudu or not. Because every time I make it, I feel those bubbles and I feel that my wudu is broken so I have to redo it. Bismillah hir-Rahman nir-Rahim ! (Fatwa: 910/873/M=8/1439) If something happens that breaks. for obligatory prayers – except the funeral prayer (ṣalāt al‑mayyit) – and for recommended prayers; 2. Sounds may come from a person’s stomach as the result of food being moved (along the digestive tract). Only Allah Knows Best. So, if you ask me, “does a very small fart break wudu?”, the answer is “Yes. According to Islamic teachings, a minor fart does not break wudu. If I am not sure weather I farted or not can I say my prayer? If I see any video of naked people on. Praise be to Allah. Take water into your mouth. Pages: 1 2. Some scholars explain it to be akin to the ‘sweating of the vaginal walls. One: if you have farted and you are about to perform acts of worship that require you to be in a state of purity or to have wudu, you have to perform wudu again. Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch without a barrier. The fard parts of wudu are mentioned in the Quran but the things that invalidate wudu are not mentioned. This includes all female discharge except one type. Muslims should comprehend all this to make sure that they recognize whether their wudu is broken or not. Hence your prayer is. 82759. Wudu becomes invalidated when someone passes wind but it is not necessary to wash that part if no stool comes out. Does farting break Wudu in Islam? Purity and physical cleanliness are very important in Islam. Not all the hadith say three times and many Sunni scholars will admit. When your period starts, then stop praying, and when it ends, wash the blood from your body and pray again. Do bubble farts break wudu? Don't worry, as far as I remember, there is a Hadith in Sahih Bukhari that essentially means, as long you don't sense both sound and smell (because of the breaking of wind or fart) your wudu is still valid and so is your salat. Sexual activity. Instead, take wudu again and restart. Answer: Yes, if a drop of urine exits one’s body one’s ablution is nullified. What’s more, as the pressure builds, so may your stress levels,. The Prophet said, “He should not. Washing the face: The person. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and his. Two: if you have farted and you are not going to perform acts that require you to be pure or have wudu, you may not do it again. Hope it works! Previous page. He (at-Tirmidhi) added another editor, “O Allah, make me among those who repent and make me including those who are cleansed. When one doubts first time whether he/she has washed some of his/her. ”. 7. Modified: August 5, 2023 Written by: Corrine Garris Discover if a fart breaks wudu and get answers to other general questions. So, that’s what break wudu in Islam. If one knows that one has wudu, and before or during the prayer starts to doubt whether or not one broke wudu, the prayer is perfectly valid. I desire you to comprehend all that initially previously you learn more explanations in this short post to ensure that you have a mutual understanding of the subject of this conversation. Even if the fart is not loud or smelly, it still makes your wudu invalid. Vaginal discharge can be categorized into three types: Discharge from the outer private part. So, if you hear farts or smell farts, then it is farts that spoil wudu. رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَالطَّبْرَانِيُّ وَزَادَ : وَ مَنْ نَامَ فَلْيَتَوَضَّأْ. 1 2 ». I suffer from incontinence and the ruling for that is to do a fresh wudu for each namaz but it has to be done at the time of the prayer. Friend the answer you are looking for is on the following link. It refers to any kind of dirt ( najas) and impurity that comes out of the private parts like farting, urine, excrement, sperms, and if prayer isn’t valid except in some cases like a man/woman that can’t control the flow of urine and in this case, the patient should perform wudu before each salah. Emission of such air is a common condition that occurs due to certain factors. It does not oblige Wudu. Mar 25, 2021 at 17:09. This heavily implies that to be a Muslim is to be pure by default. Pages: 1 2. One: queefing break wudu according to the Shafi’i School and one of the narrations of the Hanbali School because of the general explanation in the hadith: “It is not obligatory to perform wudu unless you hear a voice or smell an odor. ] 2. The first is: There may be a time when it stops, such as if you pass wind , then it stops for a while, during which time you can do wudu and pray, then it starts again. If I Fart, Do I Need to Do Wudu Once Once More? Hi all visitors! Are you searching for an description of "if I fart, do I need to do wudu once once more?"? If your response is "Indeed", congratulations! Currently you're reviewing the best short post. So, if you ask me, “does cat pee break wudu?”, the response is “No. 2. Four: touching the human penis, vagina, or anus using the palm of the hand or the inside of the finger. I couldn’t be comfortable when I went somewhere for the sake of keeping wudu. Written by Shaykh Umer Khan. This is of course assuming that one becomes aware of it at a later date. Al-Qals refers to a small quantity of water or food that enters the mouth. Just feeling a bubble does not invalidate the wudhu. Rather, it is the exiting of filth, such as actual gas from the rear, which is problematic and invalidating. Urine and feces are najis (impure) and it is necessary to wash them off, especially for prayer. Once you perform wudu, the only thing that would remove you from this state is certainty of breaking it. If we are praying and we doubt whether. You should never have any foul smell during prayers. I suffer from incontinence and the ruling for that is to do a fresh wudu for each namaz but it has to be done at the time of the prayer. The point is that farting break wudu. In general, we perceive farts as sounding and smelling farts. A fart that breaks wudu in Islam is any gas that comes out of your body through the anus. Vaginal Flatulence. As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh. The 4 Fardh (Mandatory) acts of Wudu are: washing the face, then the arms, then wiping the head, then washing or wiping the feet, and doing these in order, without any big breaks between them. Therefore, if a person farts during wudu or Salah, they must stop and perform. 5k. The flowing of any ritually impure substance (f: such as blood or pus) from a wound (f: or other opening) to any place that requires cleaning (f: i. However, I am not holding a fart at all when this happens usually. One: because fart bubbles are one of those things that come out of the anus. From Ali bin Thalq radliyallahu anhu, he said, “The Messenger of Allah (Prophet Muhammad) has said, “If one of you has emitted a soundless wind from his anus while praying (salat), then let him go out and perform wudu, then repeat the prayer (salat). What nullifies wudu. Flatulence, in humans, is the expulsion of gas from the intestines via the anus, commonly referred to as farting, tooting, or passing gas. The explanation of. Only the exiting of air would. Once you perform wudu, the only thing that would remove you from this state is the certainty of breaking it. Activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding, menstruation, postpartum and sexual intercourse. In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful, No, as long as filth has not exited your body, you can be sure that you are still in a state of ritual purity and that your wudu is not broken. A rare cause of vaginal flatulence is a vaginal fistula. Feeling bubbles of air does not break wudu. The aim is for him to cancel his worship. So, if you have a small fart, your wudu is broken. Muslims must understand it. Emission of air from the vagina is a simple and common disease that women suffer from. it flowed beyond its point of exit), or if it came out with enough force to flow (f: but was prevent from flowing because it was wiped or absorbed by a bandage). There are numerous points they have provided for that, such as looking for explanations in Islamic publications, on the net, and so on. Extra knowledge: Unless you are already in the last rakaa't, finished giving your first salam and by that moment you fart, then you will not need to re-perform your prayers as it is. However, some people may not understand Wudu-related things, including things that can break it. 3. It's air + carbon dioxide + hydrogen + methane + nitrogen + hydrogen sulfide. Muslims need to recognize all of this so that they recognize whether their wudu has broken or not. one of the vital aspects of this. Hadith: Narrated Sharik bin `Abdullah bin Abi Namr:Answer: The actual passing of wind invalidates wudu. ”. “Whoever sleeps, let him perform wudu. Hilarious. Does wind from the front passage break your wud? The jurists. Natural Bodily Discharges. Certainty Is Not Removed By Doubts. abnormally such as an insect, hair, stone, blood, flesh. Muslims should recognize all this so that they understand whether their wudu is broken or not. Mood: My master is Hussain (as) & He is the best master. Wadhu will not break if u fart,sleep,eat,vomit,small bleeding etc. lying down does not break wudu. Fart is one of the things that come out of the back hole (anus or الدُّبُرُ). Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch each other without a barrier. A. Title: If gas passes while making wudhu Question: What should one do if gas passes while making wudhu or should he complete the already doing wudhu, e. We can find this explanation in the following Quranic verse: أَوْ لَامَسْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ. [1] A proportion of intestinal gas may be swallowed environmental air, and hence flatus is not entirely generated in the. The Dispensation. Belching does not break wudu. o A Saudi Medical Doctor Ruqayyaih conducted 12 years of research on this before Sh. Two: the hadith that explains that farting is one of the things that break wudu. If one sleep sitting on the ground, or on a chair with one’s rear firmly seated, one’s wudu would remain valid. What does fanny fart mean? Information and translations of fanny fart in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Please confirm. Sharia / does farting invalidate wudu. This hadith was narrated by Muslim. Perform Wudu: Wudu in Islam, Make Wudu, Break Wudu, Wudu Steps. Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) Wudu by itself is a mustahabb (recommendable act) in Islamic rites, but it becomes obligatory in special. As for washing the feet in the office, you can wipe over the socks. One important thing you must understand, that fart is the wind that comes out of the anus Prophet's shoelace would break and he would walk with one shoe until he would 02-Dec-2020 You break your wudu by passing gas, falling in to a deep sleep, or sitting without taking any kind of support does not break wudu . 1 Answer. If you are sure. Ruling 287. For over a month I have been having problems with “flatulence”, but it is not like normal flatulence, because I can still break wind normally (able to hold, release, etc). Touching the sexual organ (penis-vagina) with the palm of the hand and without any barrier (clothes and so on) invalidates the Wudu. 0 votes. It is upto u how much repeatation u need to feel washed. In short, if you ask me, “does holding fart break wudu?”, the answer is “No. 1- Anything coming out of the penis and anus like urine, feces, sperm, madi, blood, etc. In Islam, it is forbidden to hold your fart before a prayer. In the previous few paragraphs, I have explained that what is meant by internal fart in this discussion is a sound in the stomach that resembles a fart. What happens if you keep on farting?NO! It is not haraam to break wind / fart during a prayer. We can find this explanation in the following hadith:Answer: In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful. The essential point regarding "does a little fart damage wudu?" what I will discuss currently is 3 hadiths regarding farting and Islamic legislation regarding farting. Regarding the third question, as mentioned above wind from the front private part dopes not break wudhu. Mohammed Tosir Miah. So I asked my teacher this. " LOL . This does not mean that he constantly emitted madhiy, unlike the woman who suffered istihaadah, as she said: “I never become pure”, i. The contention of the four imams and the majority of scholars is that if the sleep overwhelms then ablution is nullified. Or you touch a girl. This includes all female discharge, except one type; the discharge that does not nullify ritual ablutions and is considered ritually clean (tahir) is the ‘chronic vaginal discharge’ (rutubat al-farj) that comes out normally and. ”. Seeing as this is a recurring issue for you, you should only think that your wudu is broken if you are absolutely certain something. This is a basic thing that must be understood by all Muslims, including you. Related posts: Does Vomiting Break Wudu? Does a Fanny Fart Break Wudu? This Is the Answer. Her wudu will only be invalidated when discharge exits from inside the private parts. * According to Shafiis, if a man touches a non-mahram woman, his wudu is invalidated. queefing break wudu. Answer. That is what I’m going to discuss now. because fart won't break it. Vomiting less than this amount would not invalidate one’s. The basis on which they judge is a reasonable surety. Feeling bubbles of air does not break wudu. Do wudoo’ for each prayer, then pray as you are, and pray as much as you like, fard and naafil, with this wudoo’. Purity. touma. Things that Break Wudu’. After that, use your right hand to wash your left hand three times. . assimalhakeem. I want you to understand that first because it is one of the important discussions in this article that must be understood well. ”. Discharge from the womb. If one does not know that water is harmful for him and he performs wuḍūʾ and the water really was harmful for him, his wuḍūʾ is void. A person with chronic annulment of wudu (da’im al-hadath), for example, because of the. 2. However, and whenever reasonably possible, you should strive to renew your ablution to avoid the difference of opinion on the matter. 3. All of this is just nonsense cooked up to always prove Mohammad right. As for touching the testicles, this does not break the Wudu, whether one touches them with/out a barrier. Feeling bubbles of air does not break wudu. If the blood that comes out of the body does not flow or does not spread, it does not invalidate wudu. Once legally established as having a chronic excuse such as urinary incontinence, one only needs to make wudu at the time of each fard prayer, and then may pray as many fard or nafl prayers as he wishes. Keeping the aforementioned information in mind, holding the wind does not break the wudhu. Send this topic Print. If we want to believe that our wudu is valid, then we must know things that can damage it. Few of. Even if the air comes out from the bottom , that invalidate and break wudu. Sayyidina Anas Ibn Maalik said that the sahabah of Allah’s Messenger slept, then got up and offered salah without making ablution. If one is uncertain whether the wind has exited the anus or not, the following criteria are applied: If you are reasonably sure that wind has fully exited the body from the anus, act as though your wudu has been invalidated. Laughter outside of a prayer does not invalidate wudu. 0 Vote Up Vote Down. 2. If you have wudu and fall asleep for 10 minutes when making wudu again do you have to do istinja (washing of the private parts) as well? ANSWER: That which is commonly understood amongst the lay-people that istinja (washing the private parts) must be performed each time one needs to perform wudu, or due to passing wind or sleep in. However, if you . May be useful! Amen! See you again in the next article! Please Note: This article is also relevant if you are looking for an explanation of what kind of fart breaks wudu, does farting break wudu, why does fart break wudu, Islam farting, fart during prayer, farting wudu,. The basis is that you have wudu. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. It has no effect as long as it is not released. This is the view of the Shafi`is and Hanbalis. Once you perform wudu, the only thing that would remove you from this state is certainty of breaking it. Even if the fart is not loud or smelly, it still makes your wudu invalid. Sounds may come from a person’s stomach as the result of food being moved (along the digestive tract). It means, the sleep of one whose back private part is not firmly on the ground. If she wants to block it from exiting to keep her wudu, she may insert a cotton ball or something similar inside her vagina. Only flowing blood or pus from the nose invalidates wudhu and anything else can be removed from the nose such as mucus. However, if you do so and you make a sound OR . As-salāmu ‘alaykum. The flatulence comes out usually with a sound, smell, sometimes varying in length. If one is not at least reasonably sure that they passed wind, they act as though they haven’t. Only Allah knows best. . Changing clothes does not break wudu if the person is in a state of purity and does not do any of the things that break wudu. If you know (actually, not just based on waswasa) that you have passed gas, without doubts, then your wudu is broken, even in the rare case. He (ath-Thabrani) added (the hadith editor), “Whoever has been sleeping, let him perform wudu. Its not if there is doubt with wudu. The things that break wudu are: 1- Any discharge from the front or back passage ( urine, stools, wind, etc. The second is: It may be continuous and there may be no time when it stops; it could happen all the time. Password. Almighty Allah knows best. ”. Does a Little Fart Break Wudu? ~ That is one of the important questions about farting and wudu. Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch each other without a barrier. The Prophet said, “He should not. So, you should read the explanation below very carefully. Hilarious. We can find this explanation in the following Quranic verse: أَوْ لَامَسْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ. [Shurunbulali, Nur al-Idah] This ruling is because this event is likely due to a convulsion of the private part, not a wind exiting the body. Now I can fart all I want and just pretend I got wudu. This is a principle in fiqh. Previous page. The hadith about prayer not being accpted for forty days is regarding wine. As Muslims, we should comprehend that. So, if you ask me, “does touching animals break wudu?”, the answer is “No. Laughter in salat breaks wudu'. My question 1. I may be able to quickly complete fard (albiet, with great anxiety and worry that my wudu will break any second), – but during sunnah or nafl – my wudu breaks – This has been causing. However, if you accidentally consume something in circumstances that could have been avoidable, for example while performing ablution before prayer, then your fast becomes void. Remember. Pages: 1 2. [Shurunbulali, Nur al-Idah] Thus, you can ignore any internal movement in your body regarding purity. You need to understand every one of this at the beginning of this conversation so that you could comprehend the primary subject in this discussion quite possibly. a very small fart break wudu. If you are sitting there unsure if it. This is normally experienced during a woman’s pure period. (Imam al-Baaji, al-Muntaqaa Sharh al-Muata). However, the Prophet said that if you do not hear its sound or perceive its odour then renewal of wudu (whilst praying) would not be indicated. ) 5. Some examples are as. —.